Despite clear environmental advantages, the widespread adoption of reuse and refill systems for plastic reduction remains limited due to a culture driven by convenience, lack of infrastructure, and low consumer awareness. Many individuals still opt for single-use plastics because refillable options—such as bulk dispensers, reusable containers, and returnable packaging—are often inaccessible, unaffordable, or unfamiliar. Industries reliant on disposables also face logistical and financial hurdles in transitioning to circular models. Without systemic support and education, the shift toward reuse and refill remains a promising but underutilized solution to plastic pollution.

Reducing plastic waste and fostering sustainability requires a collective effort across society, including public awareness campaigns, supportive policies, and collaboration among governments, industries, and consumers.

Individuals can contribute by adopting more sustainable lifestyles, choosing durable goods and avoiding single-use plastics, while businesses can implement waste prevention strategies such as avoidance, source reduction, and direct reuse to ease pressure on waste management systems.

Reuse and refill models, especially when supported by digital innovation and evolving consumer preferences, offer powerful opportunities to extend product lifecycles, reduce environmental impact, and enhance user experience, brand loyalty, and operational efficiency.

Reusable containers and packaging eliminate the need for single-use plastic items in all sectors. Read more: https://plasticsmartcities.org/reuse-models/ 

Plastic-Free Drinking Water can reduce the plastic bottle water consumption. Read more: https://plasticsmartcities.org/plastic-free-drinking-water/

In cooperation with Greenpeace Austria, Austria’s largest dairy company, Berglandmilch, introduced a refillable one liter glass milk bottle in February 2020 with the aim of reducing packaging waste. Customers pay a deposit of EUR 0.22 cents per bottle, which they get back when returning the bottles. The reusable milk bottles can be returned via the deposit return machines of trading partners throughout Austria. Instead of being seen as an inconvenience, the change in packaging actually resulted in an increase in sales.

Berglandmilch invested around EUR 8 million to convert its packaging sites in Aschbach in Lower Austria and Wörgl in Tyrol, introducing an additional glass-filling plant, a washing facility and warehouses for glass bottles. In addition to the one liter milk bottle, other reusable products, such as a half-litre reusable bottle, low-fat milk in reusable bottles as well as yoghurt in reusable glasses as also planned.

Read more: Seas at Risk.org

An increasing number of cities are encouraging parents to invest in washable nappies by offering subsidies. Using washable nappies not only represents financial savings for families, but also greatly reduces the waste caused by disposable nappies.

Read more: https://plasticsmartcities.org/reuse-models/

In 2016, Franco-Danish former export manager Frederic Hamburger made history by opening LØS market, the first packaging-free supermarket in Denmark. Here, products are sold without any single-use packaging, so shoppers need to bring their own containers, borrow free containers or buy reusables container in the store.

Read more: https://plasticsmartcities.org/reuse-models/

Danish company Pack and Sea has operated a tracking system for reusable fishing crates since 2008. Key to the tracking system’s success and sustainability is a cooperation between ten Danish harbors, which has made it possible for the harbors to rent the same green crates.

Read more: https://plasticsmartcities.org/reuse-models/

Loop is a global circular shopping platform designed to eliminate the idea of waste by transforming the products and packaging of everyday items from single-use to durable, multi-use, feature-packed designs.

Read more: https://plasticsmartcities.org/reuse-models/

The Universal Reusable Bottle model entails the collection, cleaning and reuse of bottles across industry by any participating brand.

Read more: https://plasticsmartcities.org/reuse-models/

Recircle is a Swiss social enterprise funded in 2016 to provide a sustainable alternative to disposable containers for food to go: a system of reusable lunch boxes that restaurants can offer on a deposit scheme. So far, 70,000 Recircle boxes are being used by more than 400 restaurants in Switzerland and in Stuttgart, Germany. Receiving direct support from municipalities fosters Recircle’s outreach, by increasing the project’s credibility and consistency.

Read more: https://plasticsmartcities.org/reuse-models/

Globelet builds technology enabled systems that produce reusable products that are trackable and can be linked back to their factories to be washed and reused. From branded reusable cups and water bottles to coffee cups and stemless wine cups, any event can end single-use plastic drinking products in favor of reuse.

Read more: https://plasticsmartcities.org/reuse-models/

RePack offers a reusable and returnable packaging solution for retailers, replacing single-use delivery materials with durable bags made from recycled content, designed for at least 40 use cycles.

Read more: https://plasticsmartcities.org/reuse-models/